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Channel: Sculpture

Diving into the Wreck with Linda Stein

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Gloria Steinem and Linda Stein, Suited Up (cropped)
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Cropped image of Gloria Steinem, with artist and activist Linda Stein, wearing "Silver Knight 666" (2016). Copyright © 2017 Linda Stein.

I was eighteen and a first-year in college when I first read Adrienne Rich’s “Diving into the Wreck.” In this poem, Rich writes:

“I put on the body-armor of black rubber...I came to explore the wreck...I came to see the damage
that was done/and the treasures that prevail...
the thing I came for/the wreck and not the story of the wreck
the thing itself and not the myth...
And I am here, the mermaid whose dark hair
streams black, the merman in his armored body
I am she: I am he”

As a young woman raised in a conservative community, my feminism was, at that point, only half-articulated. The idea that gender itself could be fluid, that someone could be both he and she and inhabit the space in between these two social constructs was entirely outside my realm of experience. And, yet, here was Rich placing her diver in a “black rubber suit” that allowed for the melding of male and female identities into one androgynous being that could submerge itself in a wholeness of self-expression. I became besotted with this narrative image, and with the idea that how you engage with the world could be altered, and made more honest, by the willingness to change your external self. I wound up writing my final paper on this rubber suit and the notion that one could put on, and experiment with, gender.

This image felt singular and powerful but it seemed the transformative “rubber suit” could only exist in Rich’s poetry.

Imagine my surprise when I encountered the equivalent of an androgynous rubber suit embodied in the sculpture of artist/activist Linda Stein. Unlike Rich’s suit, which is confined to the page, Stein’s art is tangible. In fact, some of these sculptures are wearable, as Gloria Steinem learned when she first visited the artist’s studio in Tribeca.

Gloria Steinem and Linda Stein, Suited Up
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Gloria Steinem, with artist and activist Linda Stein, wearing "Silver Knight 666" (2016). Copyright © 2017 Linda Stein.

A New York-based artist, activist, educator, performer, and writer, Linda Stein starts a conversation, leading with art about the spectrum between masculinity and femininity. She focuses on authenticity and becoming an "everyday upstander" in the face of bullying and bigotry through her educational organization Have Art: Will Travel!

Stein has dedicated her life to exploring gender. With HAWT’s educational programs, including performances by local poets, actors, dancers, and songwriters, Stein inspires viewers to become protectors of “others” and upstanders against racism, ageism, classism, and trans/homophobia. In lectures at CUNY and in The Feminist Superhero, Stein has been the “bridge” between poets Adrienne Rich and Jayne Cortez. She is as fearless in her visual art as the poets are in their written words.

In Stein’s art, we see Eleanor Roosevelt rocking a bronzed six-pack, a voluptuous Barack Obama fearlessly addressing the nation in a feminine curves-hugging pantsuit, and Bella Abzug sporting both her signature hat and masculine arms.

Gender Scrambling 768: Woolf, Obama, Sanger
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Gender Scrambling 768: Woolf, Obama, Sanger (20120). Copyright © 2017 Linda Stein

The sculpture in this traveling exhibition, The Fluidity of Gender, is even more powerful. Participants can actually don a new avatar and take on another identity. When asked about her process of creating the wearable sculptures in her exhibition, Stein says:

As I create it, the sculpture becomes a kind of “foil” that protects me against my fears. I am making a defender and sentinel who will watch out for my safety. The form is androgynous and contains attributes along the continuum of masculinity and femininity. We all live between these binary constructions. If you look at “Mascu-Fem,” you will see breasts and more feminine attributes from the front and broader shoulders and more masculine traits from the back.

Stein’s artwork aims to empower women. In her second traveling exhibition, Holocaust Heroes: Fierce Females, the artist has chosen ten brave upstanders from the time of the Holocaust and created tapestries and sculpture about them. Her newest series, Displacement from Home–What to Leave, What to Take: Cabinets, Cupboards, Cases, and Closets, captures the chaos of displaced persons' experiences and the struggle in choosing what must be left behind. Stein’s activism is contagious as she travels around the country and abroad speaking at universities and museums. She offers her audience and participants a chance to expand their thinking about gender, identity, and authenticity. Her traveling exhibits are multi-layered, with books, videos, and educational curricula designed by international scholars.

When HAWT brought Stein’s The Fluidity of Gender exhibit to Helena, Montana, one participant, a staff member for the museum, was radically transformed in the process of hanging the art and reading about the artist. Stein recalls:

Paige Ferro stood up at the podium and said (for the first time in her life): Hello. I’m queer, and in the fourth row is my husband. You may think this is startling...First, I was a lesbian, then I was straight, and then I was bisexual and I wasn’t comfortable with any term. While this was happening, I fell in love with my husband and people came to me confused and asked how I could be marrying a man when I’m a lesbian. I knew, when I opened these crates and when I saw that these sculptures were about femininity and masculinity and the combining of the two, I couldn’t hide my feelings any longer from my neighbors. The word I want to use to identify myself is queer.

The Stein event provided this woman with a new way of opening up and entering the conversation around gender. It gave her the impetus to find the word she had been searching for. Linda Stein’s art creates a safe space for these conversations and allows her viewers and participants to put on their own “black rubber suits,” wade into the wreck, and engage with the “thing itself”––their personal authenticity.

See below for Stein's CUNY lecture on Adrienne Rich.

 

 

Feminism, Painting, Sculpture, Jewish Education

Passover, Freedom, and Public Art: An Interview with Julia Vogl

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Pathways to Freedom Kiosk
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The stand that artist Julia Vogl set up across Boston. Participants would respond to questions about their lives in Boston and their thoughts on freedom and immigration. Each question would correspond to a specific color or pattern. The participant would then be able to take home a pin with a unique design based on their responses. Image courtesy of Jewish Arts Collaborative.

Artist Julia Vogl travels the world, transforming public spaces into works of art that reflect the shared experiences of the local community while embuing those spaces with strikingly vibrant color and patterns. This spring, in a piece commissioned by Boston’s Jewish Arts Collaborative, Vogl will bring her love of color and storytelling to the Boston Common in Pathways to Freedom, a public-art installation inspired by Passover that showcases perspectives on immigration, freedom, and personal history from the Greater Boston community.

Artist Julia Vogl
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Julia Vogl presenting on Pathways to Freedom. Image courtesy of the Jewish Arts Collaborative.

I was lucky enough to speak with Vogl about her transformative work, her love of color, and how she “puts the public back in public art.”

In a Ted Talk you gave in 2015, you discuss your desire to “put the public back into public art.” How did your relationship to public art and social sculpture first begin?

My interest in public art stems from a confluence of experiences. I worked as summer intern for a high-profile NYC gallery in college and felt it was removed from the community I wanted to engage with art. It seemed that certain gallery work was just for the rich and educated and that rubbed me the wrong way. Soon after this, in February 2005, I got to experience Christo and Jeanne-Claude’s The Gates and was blown away. The big conversion, and my passion, to make public art with community, was working at Public Art for Public Schools under my now mentor Michele Cohen. She really coined the phrase “putting the public back into public art,” and was a huge inspiration to me in understanding both the power of public art and the process of commissioning, contracts, community boards, and collaborating with artists and architects to make large scale work for public spaces. I saw artists make incredible work and I also saw the shortcomings of not involving the community enough––these experiences were my drive when I set out to get my MFA, and ultimately led to me making social sculpture.

The collaborative nature of your work speaks to a faith in the public’s participation. It also introduces a level of uncontrollability in the finished work. How do you manage the uncertainties of creating art in collaboration with the public?

As an example, Pathways to Freedom showcases how many decisions I make to ensure a high-quality aesthetic work. Even if I am not totally sure what it will look like, I do actually hold a lot of control. I designed all the images, the framework, and––at the end––I designed the scale.

I enjoy the democratic nature of my projects––and not totally knowing what will happen––I think the public is further encouraged and empowered to participate because I do give them my trust. It’s critical, however, to know that I don’t ask the public to be artists; I ask them to be decision makers, to be self-reflective, and to be a little bit creative.

How do you decide which colors or patterns will represent what? Does knowing that these installations live on in public spaces affect what colors or patterns you select?

David Batchelor has this theory that, especially in the Western world, we have “Chromaphobia.” In essence, we are afraid of color. I have read enough color theory to know how impactful color, and pattern, can be and I continually strive to fill places that are lacking in color, to perhaps combat this phobia and encourage more positivity.

I have been inspired by so many artists who work on a large scale with color. Color has a phenomenal impact on our moods, our perception of safety, and our ability to embrace our inner curiosity. There are so many things in our world that also do this. If you see a bouquet of multi-coloured balloons, how can you not smile? I do a lot of evaluation when linking colors and patterns, but it’s also a gut reaction. I just read the world in colors. For me, some things just have to be a certain color, and I want to share the way I see the world with others. I do have a more lengthy explanation for why I choose the patterns and colors for this project.

In creating Pathways to Freedom, what inspired you about the Passover story? Did the story, and the setting of Boston, change your ideas of freedom? How did thinking about the immigration experience influence what questions you chose to ask the public?

This project is personal, it’s political, it’s been designed for Boston and its most definitely about Passover!

Many levels of this project were inspired by the story of Passover. From big picture ideas, like the concept of freedom, to the tiny detail of the pin being designed to look like a seder plate.

Very simply, the Exodus story is the tale of people leaving slavery, crossing a body of water, and ending up in tents for 40 years trying to discern their new identity and find home. To me, that emulates perfectly the current refugee crisis occurring worldwide. My own grandparents were refugees during and after WWII; my mother’s parents met in a displaced persons camp. I have been involved volunteering with refugees in London for a while because I believe the only reason I am here today is the kindness of strangers helping my grandparents, coupled with my grandparents’ bravery. They moved countries, crossed bodies of water, and ended up in camps trying to determine their new start. Immigration, or the movement of people, is at the crux of the Exodus story.

America’s history, and Boston’s beginnings, are full of immigration stories. When asked to make a Passover-themed project that was accessible to all of Boston, not just the Jewish community, I knew I had to ask about immigration. When President Trump got elected, that term took on negative connotations. As a first-generation American in my family, immigration has always been a point of pride for my American-Jewish identity. My Hebrew-school education was littered with stories of Jews fleeing their own exodus to America over and over and over again in the 19th and 20th centuries. My parents, who came to seek a better opportunity, felt welcomed and at home in a country that was made up entirely of others. At Seder we welcome the stranger. Growing up in Washington D.C., America always stood for welcoming the stranger––and now that sense of welcoming is under great threat.

This project is about engaging with all the communities across Boston, so that the areas that seem separate in their hamlets––from Dorchester to Newton––are united in a common relationship to Freedom and Immigration.

The four questions I ask in my project were designed to be accessible to everyone, from ages 8 to 98, to someone who is Jewish and to someone who has never heard of Passover. The first question asks, “When did you or your family come to the Boston area?” Just like at Seder, I saw families come together over the iPad and project kiosk to discuss their family story and answer this question.

For each answered question, the participants collect stickers. The stickers are placed on a pin that has seven sections. While a traditional seder plate holds six items, in modern households it seems we are always adding something: an orange, an olive etc. The pin, like a modern seder plate, has seven components to hold your own addition. The first answer has stickers related to Boston landmarks. The last question asks, “If freedom were symbolized as a food what would it be?” (It wouldn’t really be a Passover project if we didn’t talk about food!) 

I really enjoyed participating in Pathways to Freedom and getting to bring home my own pin! What is the role of the “anecdotal accessory” in your work?

The pin/button is the legacy component of this project. The Boston Common mural will come and go, but the pin hopefully will live on your jacket or bag for a long time. Like any jewelry, if it’s different enough, it usually evokes a reaction and can be an innocent way to start a conversation with a stranger and ask them about the story behind the accessory. I hope the pin will evoke conversations with family, friends, or strangers about art, freedom, immigration, diversity in Boston today, politics, or just where to get really good food! I believe that wearing this pin can create connections and be a catalyst to unpack large complicated issues. When it comes to refugees and immigration, for many it’s an “out of sight out of mind” conversation. I now have close to 1,800 advocates wearing pins, thereby bringing the conversation to their networks, which I think is cool.

Popular terms like “manspreading” and “mansplaining” highlight the many ways that men feel more ownership of public spaces than women do. How (if at all) does gender factor into your relationship to your work? Why do you think it’s important that women, and women’s art, become a part of public art and social sculpture?

My experience in public art has been that women just approach it differently. I have to be very open to fielding lots of opinions and strategies, and listening to what the community wants to say. I also need to be flexible because when you work with so many partners you can’t be a prima donna, you can’t let ego get in the way. You have to be a team player. Many successful public artists are actually couples. Christo and Jeanne-Claude are a perfect example: he was the draftsman but she was the planner, and negotiator. I have to be both.

I think being a woman makes me more approachable when engaging with strangers in bizarre situations, like when I was on the streets of Krakow with a converted pretzel trolley. My whole process is a nurturing one and I see each project like a child. I want to do all the research, put together a good team of partners, and get the proper funding to ensure the project succeeds and can live on without me. It has felt very maternal; I am not sure men feel that way about their projects.

Children Participating in Pathways to Freedom
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Some of the younger participants in Pathways to Freedom. Image courtesy of Jewish Arts Collaborative.

At JWA, we often talk about the role of stories in sparking change. Your work invites the public to share stories with one another. Why is that important to you? What role do you think sharing stories plays in creating community or making change?

Sharing is empowering. A lot of people want a platform to be heard; that is why social media has been so explosively successful. Ultimately, for me, it’s about visually communicating, transcending backgrounds, and creating a universally and personally accessible piece of art. I am dedicating to showcasing both the individual and collective simultaneously because they enrich each other and illustrate a much more vibrant tapestry and story. We can talk about abstract concepts all we want, but if it’s not personal we don’t relate. Data can seem really impersonal but stories make it personal, and although much of my work is visually abstracted, it’s littered with coded meaning so you can explore the work on several levels. The hope is that you connect and are impacted, and that it maybe changes how you see yourself, others, or the world. If that impacts change––awesome!

My work is about in-person encounters and real placemaking art. If you want to make an impact, you need a lived experience and I think communities come together when they share an experience, good or bad. I am trying to foster beautiful, magical, and positive experiences that bridge disparate people. Telling their stories together is a powerful bridge.

What have been some of your favorite stories and conversations to emerge from the Pathways to Freedom project?

At the cart, I have really enjoyed watching people go from a state of apathy or peer pressure to participate, to deep consideration, to ecstatic joy that they took part. It’s been fun to watch parents explain their family history to their kids and see how that invites all sorts of other conversations. Away from the cart, we actually recorded 103 audio interviews and are editing 44 to include with the actual artwork. They will live on the JArts website after the project. These stories reflect an incredible diversity of people and and their life in Boston.

I had one person after the interview say, “I need a psychiatrist … you really have unleashed some deep thoughts!” More than anything, I have learned how broadly the term Freedom can be interpreted. While it’s a light, euphoric, and liberating term; it’s also weighted in responsibility and fight. It is a heavy burden we continually work to protect. I look forward to the artwork inviting longer conversations on the Boston Common.

Pathways to Freedom will be installed at the Boston Common from April 25 to May 2, 2018. 

Community Organizing, SculpturePublic Art, Julia Vogl

A Fringe of Her Own: An Interview with Tamar Paley

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"TALIT"
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German silver (alpaca), printed textile, gold foil, printed parchment. Photographed by Ya Studio - Yasmin & Arye Photographers

Tamar Paley is an Israeli artist and jewelry designer. I interviewed her this spring about her project,A Fringe of Her Own: A Collection of Ritual Objects for Women, which is currently on view at the Kniznick Gallery at the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Tell us about your background.

I grew up in Jerusalem in a very progressive community. As a teen, I began to understand that my experience was unusual. The fact that I had a bat mitzvah in which I read from the Torah and made my own tallit––these were not things that other girls were doing. For my friends and me, the uniqueness of our experience as Progressive Jews in Israel became a big part of our identities.

Ever since high school, Judaism has been part of my art. I was an art major in high school and even then, I would be creating pieces and suddenly incorporating all kinds of biblical verses. When I started to study jewelry design, I kind of kept my religious identity on the down low. My school, Shankar, is a very secular, liberal, artsy place where we just didn’t talk about Judaism.

As I was approaching my final year of school and starting to think about my thesis project, I decided I wanted to use this opportunity to say something about issues that matter to me. And it just hit me: I'm going to make ritual objects for women. I’d get to talk about feminism and women’s issues and religious pluralism, and I’d do it through objects that connect to the body. That tied together everything I’d been studying about jewelry design and using different materials and Jewish text and all these things that I love. It was just perfect.

Some of my teachers, though, were surprised. They said, “Oh, you’re religious? How did we not know that? And if you’re not religious, why do you care about ritual objects?” I explained that these are issues that I think about and care about a lot. I’m not religious in the way that they understand that identity, but I do feel deeply connected to Judaism––it’s a big part of my life. It felt like I was coming out as a Progressive Jewish woman.

How do you understand the relationship between jewelry and ritual objects?

I like the connection between ritual objects and silversmithing. It goes way back––kiddush cups and candlesticks and menorahs and all that. So the craft within this field of ritual objects has always been there. But the objects that I chose to work with were mainly those that you wear: tallit (prayer shawl), tzizit (ritual fringes), and tefillin (phylacteries). I chose these pieces because they are the most controversial for women. The ritual objects that we use in the home are a little less gendered and more widely used among women. But we still have a hard time with the ones that are worn in public and on the body. And that really tied in with jewelry: how does this object that I choose to wear affect me and how I am choosing to present myself? How can I wear it and where can I wear it?

"CHEST TEFILLIN"
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Silver 925, Lucite, Printed textile, gold foil, printed parchment. Photographed by Ya Studio - Yasmin & Arye Photographers

From a technical perspective, I took apart these ritual objects and rebuilt them to be modern and desirable––something that a woman would see and want to wear. I wanted to take away the controversy surrounding these objects. For me personally––even as a woman who grew up in a really progressive environment––I have a hard time wearing a kippah or putting on tefillin, so I wanted to understand my own discomfort and offer some alternatives.

What was your process in creating the objects?

I started from the conceptual: if women had a say in the creation of these ritual objects, how would they look and feel? I began by trying to figure out how women around me today are experiencing their spirituality. And as a jewelry designer, I was also thinking about how this material feels on the body, where it is worn, what are the gestures that come with wearing this object.

I wanted to give a voice to all the different ways that women in my life are experiencing their Judaism. And I wanted to reevaluate what these objects mean and find out what’s relevant about them. So I sent out a questionnaire of ten questions to women in my network. I tried to get as wide a range of answers as possible. Receiving their responses was amazing! I was so overwhelmed and moved by everything these women wrote. The biggest takeaway was that many women experience their Judaism in a private, inner way. I asked the question “If you could create a ritual object for yourself, what would it be?” A lot of women said it would be something they could keep private or expose at their will. So that’s why I started to create containers for the texts, and to focus on inner parts of the body, like the inner arm. For example, on the tallit piece ––where the text of the atara (the collar) is usually on the outside, in my piece it’s on the inside. I also played with typography so that the text wouldn’t be immediately legible.

All the texts that I use are pieces that women sent to me. Many are texts about gratitude and thankfulness, and also a lot of texts about guarding or protecting––which is really interesting considering the rise of #MeToo. It was also important to me to change all the text into language that was gendered feminine.

I thought a lot about the material, too. I searched for sources that dictated the requirements for the materials of ritual objects––you know, that would say, “this needs to be made out of leather” and have these specific dimensions. But I didn’t find many of those. The original texts say things like “it should be a sign on your hand and a sign between your eyes” but we don't necessarily have more guidelines for what it should look like. So that gave me permission to make changes. Maybe leather straps aren’t relevant anymore, in a time when not everyone is comfortable wearing leather.

Am I changing the essence of these ritual objects by changing their form? Can I feel more comfortable with the meaning of an object just by redesigning it? These were the questions I asked myself as a designer. Maybe if I altered the shape or the material, I could allow someone to reconnect with these objects. It may sound kitschy, but I believe I can make social change through my design.

What are the old and new elements that you incorporated?

I stayed true to handcrafted woven textiles––which I made with a colleague from the textile department––and colors of blue and silver. But then in some cases I changed the location on the body. For example, I adapted the tefillin head piece by moving it down from the forehead to the chest because the forehead felt so visible and so revealing, and that was not what the women I spoke to wanted. In some places I stayed true to the original text and in some cases I changed the text to respond to what women said they wanted in their ritual objects and what spoke to their Jewish values. A lot of the women I surveyed sent me Jewish texts but ones that had to do with universal values. So that was really interesting.

What was the response of your secular classmates and teachers?

They were totally into it. It was amazing. My advisors were women who are extremely secular, and whereas in the beginning they were like “Forget Judaism, just make jewelry!” by the end they thought this was an important project. They were part of this journey with me, and they were really supportive.

In Israel, if you’re a Reform Jew, you’re kind of in-between––you're not a hundred percent accepted by either secular Jews and or by the religious establishment. When I presented my project, I was worried that people be distracted by politics and not even pay attention to the work. But my professors reminded me that I wasn’t judging anyone’s beliefs or behavior, but rather showing a new way of thinking about these religious objects. And I think there is a real thirst for it. I had prepared myself for argument, and there just wasn't any need for that. People really got it. So the response was actually way more positive than I had expected.

As a designer, how do you relate to the pieces you created––do you think of them more as ritual objects or as jewelry?

At the end of the day, these are material things: it’s a piece of fabric, it’s a thread, it’s a box. I do think these pieces of material have real power, but we’re the ones charging them with this meaning––with the belief that just by covering your shoulders or head or wrapping something around your hands you are transported into the spiritual realm. I thought a lot about those gestures and the ways that these objects put us into a spiritual framework. I could be walking down the street, but if I cover myself in a tallit, am I in a holy place? People keep asking me if I would mind if my pieces were worn in a non-ritual context. I think I would feel weird about wearing a tallit just as an accessory, but ultimately these pieces are what you make of them: it’s a necklace, and you can decide what it means to you.

"Shin"
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Silver 925, printed parchment, thread. Photographed by Ya Studio - Yasmin & Arye Photographers

The most amazing conversations I’ve had so far are with people who have said “I can imagine giving my daughter this piece for her bat mitzvah and her wearing it.” Or “I really want to wear tefillin, but I haven’t felt comfortable, and maybe this kind of piece would make a difference.” I often wonder how far I can push the boundaries of the traditional objects and have the pieces still feel legitimate. But people have definitely expressed that they would use these objects, and that’s been really gratifying.

I really like the idea of women passing down these objects to daughters in the same way that a boy will inherit his grandfather’s tefillin or tallit. I think that we do that already with jewelry––so many people say things like “I can’t leave the house without my grandmother’s necklace.” We pass down objects in the same way that we pass down traditions. I want this to be work that encourages people to explore different ways of thinking about tradition and how they can make it their own. That's what it’s really about.

What are you working on now?

I'm still working on this project, actually––I just made a new piece the other day. And I'm working on a new project with two friends from school. We came up with this concept that the three of us would choose three objects and each of us would create a piece of jewelry that interprets those three objects. We based it off of the German saying “kinder, kuche, kirsh”––that women’s place is in the kitchen, church, and with the children. So for the three objects, we chose a coloring book, a set of measuring cups, and a pregnancy test. We’re thinking about calling it “Me Three” ––three objects, three women, #MeToo… I'm excited about that project. It lets me continue to work on women’s issues, which are very much on my mind. So it should be fun!

“A Fringe of Her Own” is on exhibit at the Kniznick Gallery at Brandeis through June 22, 2018

Sculpture, Ritual, Spirituality and Religious LifeJewelry, Tallit, Tefillin

Mirta Kupferminc

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Mirta Kupfermincd8adminSun, 01/24/2021 - 18:51Tamara Kohn
Mirta Kupferminc sitting in a chair made of soft pillows, some of which are draped over her torso

Argentine Jewish artist Mirta Kupferminc, seated on her work Eve Chair of All Mothers (Eva: La madre primordial), 2014. Courtesy of Mirta Kupferminc.

In Brief

Born in Buenos Aires to survivors of Auschwitz, Mirta Kupferminc is an internationally recognized contemporary Argentine Jewish artist. For the past four decades, she has explored memory, culture, history, and language in a variety of art media, including painting, printmaking, sculpture, and etching. She interrogates her Jewish and Argentine roots to deal with themes of universal relevance that cross her entire oeuvre. Kupferminc creates motifs that become part of her iconography and uses them in different projects to explore multiple themes. She works regularly with Jewish and Argentine writers, has received the highest artistic distinction in Argentina, and regularly exhibits around the world. 

“My work has a very strong mark of Judaism, but also a very strong mark of Argentinean identity.” Mirta Kupferminc to reporter, The Forward, 2009.
 
Mirta Kupferminc is an internationally recognized contemporary Argentine Jewish artist. For the past four decades, she has explored memory, culture, history, and language in a wide range of art media. Across her oeuvre, Kupferminc explores her Jewish and Argentine roots to deal with themes of universal relevance. She creates motifs that become part of her iconography, using them in different projects to explore multiple themes. 

Childhood and Education

Mirta Kupferminc was born in Buenos Aires, on March 16, 1955, to Aron Kupferminc and Agnes Mandl Mero, both survivors of Auschwitz. Her experience as the daughter of immigrants and Holocaust survivors became one of the pillars of her work: “One of the most important events in my life took place before I was born” (Sadow, 2015).
 
Mirta and her older sister Margarita grew up in a multilingual home. Aron was Polish and Agnes Hungarian; they spoke German together, and strongly accented Spanish with the girls. They wanted their daughters to integrate into Argentine society. 

At the ages of six and twelve, Mirta traveled with her family to visit survivor relatives in Hungary and Israel. They also visited Rome and Paris, exploring their main museums. Art and culture were highly valued in the Kupferminc home. Traveling at an early age and hearing multiple languages spoken at home gave her a different dimension of the world than many children received.
 
Wanting to study art, Kupferminc completed high school at the age of fifteen and was admitted to the Manuel Belgrano National Academy of Arts. She continued her studies at the National Academy of Fine Arts Prilidiano Pueyrredón and the National Academy of Higher Education in Fine Arts Ernesto de la Cárcova.

Argentine Identity

In her search to unite her Jewish and Argentine identities, Kupferminc addressed the relationship between the work of the Argentine writer J.L. Borges and the Kabbalah. The internationally renowned writer, who was not Jewish, used ancient rabbinical literature (A type of non-halakhic literary activitiy of the Rabbis for interpreting non-legal material according to special principles of interpretation (hermeneutical rules).midrash) and The esoteric and mystical teachings of JudaismKabbalah as sources for his literary work. In response to his mystical writings, Kupferminc produced a book for bibliophiles entitled Borges and the Kabbalah: Paths to the Word (2002) (Borges y la cabala: senderos del verbo), together with literature scholar Saul Sosnowski. They exhibited several times locally and internationally, and she created works in different media on the same theme.

The artist also explored recent Argentine history and memory through her work. On March 24, 1976, a military coup installed a civilian-military dictatorship in Argentina. During this time, the State carried out illegal repression, persecution, torture, and forced disappearance of people, as well as other forms of State terrorism. It is estimated that during this period the repressive forces made approximately 30,000 people disappear, until the restoration of democracy in 1983. On occasion of the 30th anniversary of the disappeared, Kupferminc created Thirtythousandandone (treintamiluno) (2005). 

The title of this work suggests the need for the artist to add “one” in order to individualize the commemoration of the estimated 30,000 victims. At the bottom of the work, there is a chair with wings. We can understand that the "disappeared," far from being buried, were "vanished into thin air," and the empty chair with wings allows us to remember them, through the lack of the sitter. At the top of the same work, we see an eye. The open eye represents the idea of the observer, of being a witness. The role of witness is also central to Jewish tradition. The witnessing eye is also used as a symbol of connection with the cosmos and the universe.

Tattoos, Needles, and Hands

Kupferminc continued to explore different media and techniques. In The Skin of Memory (La piel de la memoria) (2007), exhibited at Centro Cultural Recoleta in Buenos Aires, she explored the relationship between ornamental tattoos and the numbered tattoo on her parents’ arms as Auschwitz survivors through a video installation and performance.  

In 2009 Kupferminc had a major retrospective show in New York. Around this time, she also introduced embroidery into her work, by applying the traditional Hungarian needle craft to photographs of hands, actually embroidering the printed pictures. She addressed memory and migration and used the hand as a symbol of the path of life. This was not a new concept for Kupferminc, as she had begun in 1998 to work with hands in etchings surrounded by wandering characters, exhibited at the Taiwan Biennial. For Kupferminc the natural lines in the palm of her hand represent a journey of life, like a map, the artist’s own hand representing the territories of her life, where the Hungarian aesthetic embroidery and the tattooed prisoners numbers on her parents’ arms meet through the needle.

For the project Hand Written (Escrito a mano, 2009), Kupferminc photographed the hands of famous Jewish writers and produced a new body of work: paintings and etchings of each writer’s palm, overlaid by their texts. She worked with Israeli and Argentine writers Amos Oz, A. B. Joshua, Meir Shalev, Saul Sosnowski, Manuela Fingueret, and Eliahu Toker, as well as her own hand with a text by Borges.

Other Projects

An asymetrical metal sukkah set up in a courtyard. One side is fine yellow mesh, while the others are a looser grid with photographs of eyes and printed writing filling some of the gaps.

Argentine Jewish artist Mirta Kupferminc’s Clamor in the Desert, a sukkah at the Jewish History Museum in Tucson, Arizona, 2020. Site specific installation, 4 m x 4.5 m x 5 m. Wire mesh, perforated metal plate, metal tube; 300 printed eyes and 100 printed texts of the Universal Human Rights Declaration in 50 languages. Courtesy of Mirta Kupferminc.

A chair made of soft, light brown pillows with beige nubs attached.

Eve Chair of All Mothers (Eva: La madre primordial), soft sculpture by Argentine Jewish artist Mirta Kupferminc, 2014. 44 x 49 x 49 inches, chair, Textile- fabric and gum. Courtesy of Mirta Kupferminc.

In 2012 Kupferminc received the National Prize, the highest artistic distinction in Argentina. The following year she was the first international art fellow at LABA, A Laboratory of Jewish Culture, in New York, where she created a series of works related to feminism and motherhood entitled EVE: Chair of all mothers (Eva: la madre primordial), S-Naked (Transformado en serpiente), and Divine Desire (Divino deseo). In 2015, she launched LABA Buenos Aires, allowing exchange between artists working on similar themes at different locations around the world.

In 2017 Kupferminc represented Argentina in the Jerusalem Biennial with her installation Traduttore-Tradittore (Translator-Traitor), in which she addressed the Biblical story of the Tower of Babel as the birth of otherness. The piece included hand-cut rubber letters of different alphabets and the story of the Tower of Babel in 70 languages. In 2019, Kupferminc curated the group exhibition “Confrontation/Conversation” by eighteen Argentine Jewish and non-Jewish artists who exhibited at the Jerusalem Biennial. 
 
In 2018 Marianne Hirsch invited Kupferminc to join the international working group Women Mobilizing Memory, in which Kupfemrinc explores the relationship between memory and being a woman artist. Together with Hirsch and Spitzer, she developed the series Bearing Witness (2019), in which she addresses photography as a means of resistance and pays tribute to Mendel Grossman, a clandestine photographer from the Lodz Ghetto.

Mirta Kupferminc lives in Buenos Aires with her husband Kurt Frieder. She creates and teaches art in her workshop, mentors artists through the project Grafica Insurgente, and leads the LABA-BA study group together with Tova Shvartzman. She continues to exhibit nationally and internationally, participates in international conferences, and lectures about her work.

Selected Artworks by Mirta Kupferminc

Memory (1989); Homage in memory of the victims of AMIA (1996); On the Way (2001); Borges and the Kabbalah: Paths of the Word (2006); Treintamiluno (2005); Four Entered Paradise (2006); The Skin of Memory (2007); Embroidered onto the Skin of Memory (2009); En la Palma de mi mano (2011); Hand Written (2012); EVE: Chair of all mothers (2014); S-Naked (2015); Divine Desire (2014); Traduttore-Tradittore (2017); Bearing Witness – Tribute to Mendel Grossman (testimony for the witness) (2019).

Bibliography

Apel, Dora. Memory Effects: The Holocaust and the Art of Secondary Witnessing. New Brunswick, NJ: Rugters University Press, 2002.

Goldfine, Daniela. "Deshilando el entramado de la memoria en el arte de Mirta Kupferminc." Ámbitos Feministas 2.2 (Fall 2012): 59-75.

Hirsch, Marianne and Leo Spitzer. “Las rutas sin raíces de Mirta Kupferminc.” In Wanderings, exh. cat., Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion Museum, 2009.

Kohn, Tamara. “Migración, memoria y tikun olam en la obra de la artista judeo-argentina Mirta Kupferminc.” Cuadernos Judaicos 29 (December 2012).

Kohn, Tamara. Interviews with Mirta Kupferminc, December 30, 2010, September 2019, October 2019.

Kruger, Laura. Wanderings, exh. cat., Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion Museum, 2009.

Kupferminc, Mirta, "¿Artista o artista judio? Su singularidad," In Recreando la Cultura Judeoargentina: Literatura y Artes Plasticas, edited by Ricardo Feierstein and Stephen Sadow. Mila Ensayos, 2003.

Mirta Kupferminc’s website: www.mirtakupferminc.net

Musleah, Rachel. “The Arts: Multimedia Ghosts.” Hadassah Magazine, April/May, 2010.

Orden, Erica. “Building Identity Through Art.” The Forward, November 18, 2009. 

Ran, Amalia and Jean Cahan. Returning to Babel: Jewish Latin American Experiences, Representations, and Identity. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2011.

Sadow, Stephen. “Argentine-Jewish Interdisciplinary Artist.” In jewishlatinamerica. April 6, 2018. https://jewishlatinamerica.wordpress.com/2018/04/06/mirta-kupferminc/

June 23, 2021

Audrey Flack

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Audrey Flackd8adminWed, 02/03/2021 - 10:02Samantha Baskind
Audrey Flack wearing acid wash jeans and a black top standing in front of a large painting with many items including a skull, tarot, lipstick, candle

Audrey Flack in front of her painting Wheel of Fortune. Courtesy of Audrey Flack.

In Brief

Painter and sculptor Audrey Flack, especially recognized for the feminine content in her art, trained at Yale. Through the early 1950s she made canvases in a gestural, abstract expressionist style. Unsatisfied, she resolved to paint in a representational fashion. Flack was the only female member of the founding group of photorealists. Unlike most male photorealists, who coolly paint neutral content derived from photographs, Flack’s illusionist canvases plumb personal, socio-political, and feminist issues replete with complex symbolic iconography. In the 1980s, Flack turned to sculpture, which frequently depicts goddesses and other strong female figures. She received several major commissions resulting in large-scale public sculpture, such as Civitas, a gateway to Rock Hill, South Carolina, consisting of four 20-foot tall bronze statues of women holding symbols of the city.

The only female member of the founding group of photorealists, American painter and sculptor Audrey Flack is widely recognized for the feminine content in her art. Her feminist sensibilities manifest in both her pioneering paintings, which often consider stereotypes of womanhood, and her sculptures, frequently depicting goddesses and other strong female figures.

Education & Early Career

Born in New York to Jeanette and Morris Flack, Eastern European immigrants from Galicia, Audrey Flack was five years younger than her brother Milton. Her Jewish identity was nurtured by her middle-class parents who, although not orthodox in their religiosity, lit candles for the Sabbath and observed Passover and the High Holy Days.

As a child, Flack knew that she wanted to be an artist; among her early work is a watercolor of rabbis in a synagogue, painted when she was around fourteen years old. She studied at the High School of Music and Art and Cooper Union (1948–1951), later receiving her B.F.A. from Yale University (1952), where she trained with modernist Josef Albers. Through the early 1950s Flack painted canvases in a gestural style influenced by Abstract Expressionism, as exhibited at a solo exhibition at the Roko Gallery (1959) in New York. Unsatisfied, Flack resolved to paint in a representational fashion even though at the time many viewed the mode as passé. Additional studies at the Art Students League confirmed her desire to paint representationally. When Flack returned to figuration she took yet another chance by choosing to explore her own identity through self–portraits and portraits of her young daughters, Melissa (b. 1959) and Hannah (b. 1961). Her musician husband was uninvolved with the children and at times threatening, but Flack believed that she could do it all: caring for her daughters would not stop her from having a successful artistic career. Flack’s ambitions were further compounded by Melissa’s severe autism; while highly intelligent, Melissa is mute and to this day still requires around-the-clock supervision. By 1968, Flack was divorced and two years later she married her high school sweetheart, Bob Marcus, who adopted both girls.

During the 1960s Flack began to utilize photographs as the inspiration for her imagery. Initially she favored black-and-white news photographs as source material, featuring public figures such as John D. Rockefeller (1963) and even Adolf Hitler (1963–64) in subdued colors. A canvas portraying President Kennedy (1964) in his motorcade moments before his assassination was her first painting in this vein from a media–generated color photograph.

Early Still-lifes

In the early 1970s, negotiating single motherhood while pursuing her art, Flack started the large–scale canvases for which she is best recognized. Based on configurations of objects arranged by Flack in her studio and then photographed, Jolie Madame (1972), her first monumental photorealist still-life, was executed with both underpainting and airbrush from a slide projected on a wall. Now part of the permanent collection of the National Gallery of Australia, Jolie Madame embraces and celebrates traditional objects associated with femininity and feminine beauty, including glistening jewelry and the perfume bottle that lends the painting its title. Soon after its completion, the detailed canvas appeared in “Women Choose Women” at the New York Cultural Center, the first large-scale exhibition organized by women and solely showing art by women. The Museum of Modern Art purchased Leonardo’s Lady (1974), from Flack’s Grey Border series, within a year of its completion; it was the first photorealist painting the museum acquired.

Vanitas series

Comprised of three paintings all eight feet square, Flack’s early Vanitas series (1976–78) drew inspiration from Baroque still-life allegories that comment on the transience of life. Painted with lush, intense colors and a high gloss surface, Marilyn (Vanitas) (1977), the best known of the series, explores stereotypes of womanhood. Amid matter of decided feminine content, such as the perfume bottles, makeup, and jewelry that defined her subject, Flack depicts a young, as-yet-uncorrupted Norma Jean in a black-and-white photograph before she became the brittle, blond Marilyn Monroe of Hollywood. Flack aimed to comment on the sex symbol’s ephemerality by presenting these objects and the woman along with a burning candle, a shifting hourglass, and a shriveling orange. At the same time, the flawless painting also evokes the artist’s own vulnerability, as Flack includes a self-portrait based on a photograph of herself as a young girl. This painting and so many others demonstrate how Flack’s concerns differed from her male counterparts, something that was noticed, sometimes unfavorably, by the press. Flack did not want to coolly paint neutral content derived from photographs, typical of her male peers, and instead proudly produced illusionistic canvases plumbing personal, socio–political, and feminist issues replete with complex symbolic iconography.

Oil over acrylic on colorful canvas featuring fruit, pearly, flowers, and butterfly against the black and white image of men behind barbed wire at Buchenwald

Audrey Flack, World War II (Vanitas), 1976-77. Oil over acrylic on canvas, 96 x 96 in. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia World War II (Vanitas) by Audrey Flack, incorporating a portion of the photograph “Buchenwald, April 1945" by Margaret Bourke-White, © Time Inc. Photo courtesy Audrey Flack. Art © Audrey Flack.

Colorful oil painting by Audrey Flack featuring items on a vanity including cosmetics, flowers, a candle and an image ofMarilyn Monroe

Audrey Flack, Marilyn (Vanitas), 1977. Oil over acrylic on canvas, 96 x 96 inc. Collection of The University of Arizona Museum of Art and Archive of Visual Arts, Tucson. Photo courtesy of Audrey Flack. Art © Audrey Flack.

Another excellent example of Flack’s highly individual approach is the lesser-known and exceptionally powerful and personal first Vanitas painting, World War II (Vanitas) (1976–77). Also anchored by a magnified, sharply delineated trompe l'oeil (trick of the eye) colorstill–life and black-and-white photograph, this canvas combines pretty objects with a reproduction of Life photographer Margaret Bourke-White’s iconic, devastating picture of the liberation of Buchenwald (1945). Rendered in black-and-white, the exhausted and stunned prisoners behind the barbed wire fence contrast with the rich, glowing colors of the pastries sitting on a heavily polished silver platter. Among the array of other objects in front of Bourke-White’s duplicated photograph are a red candle dripping like blood, a rose,and a Star of David from Flack’s keychain. Some of these objects sit on a book open to a quote about faith from the Hasidic leader Nahman of Bratslav (1772–1810). Flack explained why she amalgamated such diverse elements: “My idea was to tell a story, an allegory of war…of life….the ultimate breakdown of humanity…the Nazis…to create a work of violent contrasts, of good and evil. Could there be a more violent contrast than that?” (exact transcription from original; Audrey Flack on Painting, 78).

Sculptures and Public Commissions

Audrey Flack in foundry standing beside a large bronze sculpture of the head of Daphne

Audrey Flack in foundry with her bronze head of Daphne. Courtesy of Audrey Flack.

Patinated bronze statue 42 inches tall of Egyptian goddess with snake wrapped around arms

Audrey Flack, Egyptian Rocket Goddess, 1990. Patinated bronze, 42 in. high with base. Private collection, Ontario. Photo courtesy of Audrey Flack. Art © Audrey Flack.

In the early 1980s, believing that she had exhausted the possibilities of photorealism, Flack started making large indoor and outdoor bronze sculptures, some on commission, of female goddesses such as Diana, Medusa, and Athena, as well as invented deities. Sculpted after posed models in her studio, Flack offers these women as strong heroines rather than as objectified figures. Egyptian Rocket Goddess (1990), a semi-nude bronze with a taught body, stands forty-two inches high on her base. Striding forward, the goddess’s arms are wrapped by snakes meant to recall ancient Minoan snake goddesses whose reptiles symbolized fertility. Coalescing the modern with the ancient, a rocket appears on the drapery around the goddess’s waist and on her headdress.

Flack received several major public commissions resulting in public sculpture. Civitas (1991), a monumental gateway to the city of Rock Hill, South Carolina, consists of four 20-foot tall bronze statues of women holding symbols of the city. A fourteen-foot tall bronze Recording Angel,sculpted for the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville (2006), portrays a classically dressed angel who holds a feathered quill in her left hand and a compact disc in her right hand, as if inscribing musical notes.

Biblical and Jewish Themes

Along with World War II (Vanitas),Flack has made a number of other works related to her religio-cultural heritage. When Flack returned to figuration she painted Matzah Meal Still Life (c. 1960), which shows the ingredients needed to make foods typically eaten on Jewish holidays. Carefully arranged on the delightful, Pop–influenced canvas are products by Manischewitz, the best-known kosher food provider, in addition to other kosher ingredients found in a Jewish home. She produced a portrait of Anwar Sadat for the cover of Time magazine’s January 2, 1978, issue on the leader as “man of the year.” Her composition presents Sadat in three-quarter’s view against a brightly colored background. The background incorporated subtle symbolism: The blue and white sky represents Israel and the Israeli flag with the colors below indicating the Egyptian flag.

Flack has also tackled biblical subjects, from both the Hebrew and the Christian Bible, in watercolor, oil, and sculpture. For six years Flack worked on a 36-inch tall statue of Eve (2006–12), who holds interest for the artist because of her role as the first mother but also because, as Flack put it: “I’m trying to restore Eve’s image like I’m trying to restore women’s image. My Eve is sexual and beautiful. I want Eve to be accepted as intelligent. She can have a baby and she can pick from the Tree of Knowledge and still stand tall. She wants answers. That’s a good thing” (Flack, interview with the author, New York, June 18, 2010).

Music and Recent Work

Around 2005, Flack began attending banjo camp and has since become an accomplished banjo player. She quickly learned to frail and claw hammer and subsequently formed a band, appropriately named “Audrey Flack and the History of Art Band.” The band’s repertoire comprises songs written by Flack about art-related subjects and a wide range of artists, among them Mary Cassatt, Jackson Pollock, and Lee Krasner, set to old-time bluegrass melodies. A CD was released in 2013.

Flack recently and ardently turned to drawing. She is exploring two of her enduring interests: women and religion. Drawing has also led her back to painting, this time with a brush to canvas rather than using an airbrush.

Books, Honors, and Awards

From 1992–93, a major retrospective of Flack’s art, organized by the J.B. Speed Art Museum in Louisville, Kentucky, traveled to four museums around the country, including the National Museum of Women in the Arts. Among many awards and honors, Flack holds an honorary doctorate from Clarke University and received the Augustus Saint-Gaudens Medal from Cooper Union. She has written three books, Audrey Flack on Painting (1986), Audrey Flack: The Daily Muse (1989), and Art and Soul: Notes on Creating (1991). Flack is the first living female artist to appear in H.W. Janson’s revised textbook—the standard in the field for decades. In 2017, Flack received a lifetime achievement award from the Women’s Caucus for Art. An award-winning 75-minute documentary film about her art and life, Audrey Flack: Queen of Hearts, was released in 2019.Flack’s art is held by prominent museums across the world.

Selected Writing by Audrey Flack

Flack, Audrey. Audrey Flack on Painting. Introduction by Lawrence Alloway.New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1981.

Flack, Audrey. Art and Soul: Notes on Creating. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1986.

Flack, Audrey. Audrey Flack: The Daily Muse. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1989.

Bibliography

Baskind, Samantha. “’Everybody thought I was Catholic’: Audrey Flack’s Jewish Identity,” American Art 23, no. 1 (Spring 2009): 104–115.

Baskind, Samantha. Jewish Artists and the Biblein Twentieth-Century America. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014.

Brigham, David R. “The New Civic Art: An Interview with Audrey Flack.” American Art 8, no. 1 (Winter 1994): 2–21.

Gouma–Peterson, Thalia, ed. Breaking the Rules: Audrey Flack, A Retrospective, 1950–1990. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, 1992.

Hauser, Katherine. “Audrey Flack’s Still-Lifes: Between Femininity and Feminism,” Women’s Art Journal 22, no. 2 (Autumn 2001–Winter 2002): 26–30.

Jones, Arthur F. Audrey Flack: Love Conquers All. Roanoke, VA: Art Museum of West Virginia, 1996.

Mattison, Robert S. Audrey Flack: The Abstract Expressionist Years. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2015.

Nemser, Cindy. Art Talk: Conversations with 12 Women Artists. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1975.

Sims, Lowery S. Saints and Other Angels: The Religious Paintings of Audrey Flack. New York: Cooper Union, 1986.

Taggert, Hollis, et al. Audrey Flack: Master Drawings from Crivelli to Pollock (New York: Hollis Taggert Galleries, 2017.

The Audrey Flack Papers (1950–2009) are housed at the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.

June 23, 2021
Audrey Flack wearing acid wash jeans and a black top standing in front of a large painting with many items including a skull, tarot, lipstick, candle

Audrey Flack in front of her painting Wheel of Fortune. Courtesy of Audrey Flack.

Vered Nissim

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Vered Nissimd8adminWed, 02/03/2021 - 10:21Tal Dekel
Portrait of Vered Nissim

Mizrahi artist Vered Nissim. Courtesy of Vered Nissim.

In Brief

Multi-disciplinary artist, curator, and art consultant Vered Nissim was born in Israel to Iraqi immigrant parents. She identifies as a Mizrahi feminist; her art revolves around her gender, ethnic, and class identities, and she aims to give voice to marginalized women in Israeli society. Nissim seeks to provide an alternative to the rigid canon determined by mainstream art by presenting works that undermine Israel-Western aesthetic values and content. She uses materials and art forms that the mainstream art world regards as “improper.” Like other feminist Mizrahi artists, she uses her artwork to articulate the obstacles they face in their daily lives, including inequalities and oppression in the job market, racial profiling, sexual exploitation, and the degrading attitude toward Mizrahi culture in general and feminine Mizrahi culture in particular.

Family and Identity

Multi-disciplinary artist, curator, and art consultant Vered Nissim was born in the city of Holon, Israel, on August 4, 1980. She was brought up in a working-class family of newcomers who arrived in Israel in 1954 from Baghdad, Iraq. Her family included her father, Benjamin, her mother Esther (Suada), and her siblings Liat, Lior, and Ronen, who passed away young. She has been especially influenced by her mother, a cleaning and maintenance person by profession, and has even included her mother in most of her art projects.

Nissim earned a B.F.A from the Midrasha School of the Arts, Beit Berl College (2006) and an M.F.A from the arts department, Haifa University (2017).

Nissim self-identifies as a Mizrahi feminist, and her art revolves around her gender, ethnic, and class identities. She holds a political Lit. "Eastern." Jew from Arab or Muslim country.Mizrahi worldview, aiming to give voice to marginalized women in Israeli society. She seeks to provide an alternative to the rigid canon determined by the mainstream art field by presenting works that undermine Israeli-Western aesthetic values and content. One of the ways in which she does this is by utilizing materials and art forms that the hegemonic art world regards as “improper”—folkloristic and decorative art customarily deemed unworthy of inclusion in the discourse of visual culture.

A Sun Composed of Cleaning Gloves

One such piece is an installation (Untitled, 2014) set on the floor, whose composition consists of dozens of simple, cheap, yellow rubber cleaning gloves arranged in the shape of a circular shining sun.

The artist explains that the sun—a symbol of bright light—here ironically creates questions regarding color and shades of darkness. Nissim’s dark-skinned Iraqi heritage seems to be pleading with the sun, as if whitening her dark looks in order to whitewash her black skin clean, its warm beams casting out all the shadows of her Mizrahiness. The use of yellow gloves to symbolize the sun evokes a matrix of associations. One such associations is the stereotype of the “hot-as-sun” Mizrahi woman—an inhabitant of the Orient, which, as Edward Said asserts, still suggests not only fecundity but also sexual promise (and threat), untiring sensuality, and unlimited desire. Another is that of the sunflower, whose seeds are, in the dominant public imagination, consumed by oriental women lounging on sun-flooded Middle Eastern balconies—an image sharply contrasting with Van Gogh’s Western, civilized iconic sunflower. Likewise, it evokes, states Nissim, the stereotypes of kitsch and bad taste, Mizrahi woman regularly being called freha or slutty. Nissim thus employs a style, content, and medium that subverts the good taste of high art, disrupting the proper social order.

In this piece, Nissim also uses a strategy of humor as subversion. The work addresses repressed histories and the fragile nature of contemporary assumptions about marginalized subjects, such as Mizrahi women. The cheap yellow gloves evoke the stereotype of the under-educated Mizrahi woman who stays at home to cook, clean, and take care of her large brood rather than the standard, Western 2.4 children that enable women to earn a higher education and develop a career outside the home. Because they are of lower socio-economic status, Mizrahi women in Israel are frequently associated with cleaning and maintenance jobs, not only in offices and factories but also for rich Ashkenazi families. Nissim confronts the viewers with the ever-growing gap between ethnic groups as Mizrahi women choose or are compelled to work in low-paid, low-status jobs. She also accentuates the limited opportunities open to Mizrahi women for higher education and their confinement to the periphery—whether geographic, economic, or cultural. Women living in peripheral areas generally do not receive sufficient and high-quality education; often their social mobility is restricted, perpetuating their low-income status. Finally, the artist states that the plain, cheap yellow gloves bear a very personal meaning for her, as they are an integral part of the daily equipment of her mother, who works as a cleaning woman.

The use of the yellow rubber cleaning gloves (made to protect laboring hands from toxic cleaning products and overuse) to symbolize the sun also raises the question of the tension between function and aesthetics. Nissim prompts the viewer to consider whether Mizrahi women can ever be totally clean(s)ed of their blackness—or whether they are forever doomed to suffer the consequences of the dominant society’s power relations and remain economically and culturally suppressed. Calling attention to multiple ongoing power relationships—between Mizrahis and Ashkenazis, blacks and whites, impoverished and affluent, men and women, Nissim lays bare the complex, multilayered, intersectional positions of various members of Israeli society. The contrast between domestic (feminine) cleaning and the creation of high art in the (masculine) public space of the museum places identity construction—including racialization and gendering— at center stage.

Self-Portrait: Half Free

Nissim’s 2005 self-portrait photograph “Half Free” allows her to embark on a multi-layered discussion of gender, race, and class dimensions. The title refers to an Israeli supermarket chain that offers low-priced basic food items in outlets on the outskirts of big cities. Targeting low-income families, it is famous for its cheap plastic shopping bags.

In this image, the bag with its writing, Half Free, covers Nissim’s face, leaving her choking for air. Both shocking and grotesque, the image exemplifies how humor can subvert fossilized cultural values. A unique type of weapon, humor takes freedoms with conventional moral, social, and economic values.

Placing the issue of class at the center of this work, Nissim states that it gives visibility to people who are invisible—namely, blue-collar workers. This piece not only refers to the socio-economically lower class but also reflects the traditional gender division of labor, as women are expected to be in charge of shopping for groceries and cooking for the entire family. The woman in this photograph, with her dark skin and bright red lipstick—an allusion to the “sluttiness” traditionally attributed to Mizrahi women—signals the threefold oppression from which Mizrahi women suffer: class, gender, and ethnicity. In so doing, Nissim seeks to undermine stereotypical attitudes and to highlight the political intersections of various categories of identity categories.

Civic Guard

In a 2006 photo titled “Civic Guard,” Nissim again chose to present herself, this time dressed in a uniform of a contracting company providing security services to major shopping centers, her dark-skinned face fitting the exploitative occupational profile of Mizrahi women in contemporary Israel.

This choice draws subversive attention to the status of Mizrahi women in Israeli society, many condemned to work in temporary, exploitative jobs to ensure the safety of the general population while having no financial security of their own. Nissim takes an ironic and humorous approach: in the contemporary era of surveillance and security cameras, secret undercover government activities, and unstable security around the globe and in the Middle East in particular, a woman with no proper training is put in charge of the safety of hundreds of thousands of people visiting shopping malls. Not only are security checkpoints common in Israel, but profiling forms one of the central tools for foiling potential threats. Here, the Mizrahi worker is employed to prevent the danger she herself is often seen as constituting: the Arab/Other/enemy. In charge of securing the area, she symbolizes the dominant order as it prevents women such as herself from penetrating the public sphere and taking equal part in the civic, cultural, and economic life of the country. Nissim also emphasizes the doubly oppressed position of the woman in the image: in contrast to the prestigious security jobs (for men fighting in the IDF and protecting the home front with real weapons), she is left with the much less prestigious, un-skilled, civilian job of checking bags at the entrance to a shopping mall.

“Civic Guard” also represents the marginality from which Mizrahi women suffer under Israeli neo-liberalism, drawing attention to the fact that security guards employed by contracting firms are exploited financially and have no job security. Workers in unskilled jobs—cashiers, cleaners, care-givers, security guards—are extremely vulnerable to abuse. Contracting firms in Israel in particular exploit the system and trend towards privatization in order to gain greater a share of the non-professional market sector at the expense of those least able to stand up for their rights, including working conditions, over-time wages, sexual harassment, social and employment security, and more.

“Civil Guard” also reveals the ethnicization and gender processes prevalent in Israel—Ashkenazim work in high-salary, high-status, high-tech jobs, Mizrahim in low-paid, low-status, “low-tech” jobs, and 70% of minimum wage jobs in Israel are filled by women. The majority of women in Israel who work in low-paid jobs are resigned to being exploited, frequently not even expecting to gain a fair recompense for their labor.

Feminist Mizrahi women artists such as Nissim thus use their artwork to articulate the obstacles they face in their daily lives. Such obstacles include inequalities and oppression in the employment market, racial profiling, sexual exploitation, and the degrading attitude toward Mizrahi culture in general and feminine Mizrahi culture in particular. These artistic representations draw attention to and help to undermine patriarchal-Ashkenazi-neoliberal hegemony.

Self-Portrait: Untitled

Nissim not only reveals the oppressive facets of being a Mizrahi woman but also accentuates and celebrates her Mizrahiness, creating positive and powerful representations of Mizrahi women. In Untitled, a photograph from 2011 (Figure 4), the woman—Nissim herself—sits naked on her kitchen counter, her body covered in cooking oil and Kuba dumplings, a traditional Iraqi food.

While this scene may be understood as Nissim’s homage to her mother—an important figure in the artist’s life who dedicated herself to taking care of her family and cooking their favorite foods—it also reveals a fiercely critical stance against ethnic and gendered stereotypes. Often, the kitchen is presented as the only Mizrahi cultural arena, as if eating is the only activity in Mizrahi culture. Nissim explained that this piece was meant to subvert the derogatory representation of the Mizrahi woman chained to her kitchen and replace it with a young, beautiful, assertive woman who chooses to continue the matrilineal Mizrahi tradition, from a new stance, proud of who she is.

Conclusion

Mizrahi artists such as Nissim create a self-reflexive gaze as part of their effort to construct a valid, sovereign identity. They hope to liberate their stereotypical image from being perpetuated as the Other in terms of ethnicity, and instead call to celebrate Mizrahi culture, and Mizrahi women especially.

Nissim has won eight prizes, among them the Oded Messer Prize for a Young Artist (2008); the Pais Prize for Artists (2008); the Joshua Rabinovich Prize (2011); the Young Artist Prize of the Israeli Ministry of Culture (2015); and the Becki Dekel Prize for Leading Feminist Israeli Artist (2020). She has had six solo exhibitions and taken part in over 30 group exhibitions.

Bibliography

Alon, Ktsia. “Mizrahi Women's Voices in Israeli Art – A Cross Section.” In Ktsia Alon and Shula Keshet, eds., Breaking Walls: Contemporary Mizrahi Feminist Artists, edited by Ktsia Alon and Shula Keshet, 278-244. Tel Aviv: Achoti Press, 2013.

Calderon, Nissim. Pluralists Despite Themselves. Haifa: University of Haifa Press, 2000. (Hebrew)

Chinski, Sara. “The Silance of the Fish: The Local versus the Universal in the Israeli Discourse on Art.” Theory and Criticism 4 (1993): 105-122. (Hebrew)

Dahan-Kalev, Henriette. “Tensions in Israeli Feminism: The Mizrahi Ashkenazi Rift.” Women's Studies International Forum, 24, no. 6 (2001): 1-27.

Dekel, Tal. “From First-Wave to Third-Wave Feminist Art in Israel: A Quantum Leap.” Israel Studies Journal 16, no. 1 (2011): 149-178.

Dekel, Tal. Gendered—Art and Feminist Theory. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013.

Keshet, Shula and Rita Mendes-Flohr, curators. For my Sister—Mizrahi Artists in Israel. Jerusalem: Antea Gallery, 2000. (Hebrew)

Levy, Gal. “A Lost Decade, or, Where Has the Mizrahi Narrative Gone Since the 1990s?” The Open University, Israel (2008). www.openu.ac.il/Personal_sites/gal-levy/A_Lost_Decade.pdf

Markovich, Dalia and Ktzia Alon. “Portraits from the Margins of the Employment World.” Haaretz, December 13, 2006, 17. (Hebrew)
Misgav, Chen. “Mizrahiness.” Mafteh, 8 (2014): 67-92. (Hebrew)

Motzafi-Haller, Pnina. “Knowledge, Identity, Power: Mizrahi Women in Israel.” In To My Sister: Mizrahi Feminist Politics, edited by Shlomit Lir, 87-113. Tel Aviv: Bavel, 2007. (Hebrew)

Nissim, Sarit and Orly Benjamin. “The Speech of Services Procurement: The Negotiated Order of Commodification and Dehumanization of Cleaning Employees.” Human Organization, 69, no. 3 (2010): 221-32.

Shenhav, Yehuda, ed. Coloniality and the Postcolonial Condition. Tel Aviv/Jerusalem: Van Leer Institute/Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2004. (Hebrew)

Shiran, Vicki. “Deciphering Power: Creating a New World.” In To My Sister: Mizrahi Feminist Politics, edited by Shlomit Lir, 34-35. Tel Aviv: Bavel, 2007. (Hebrew)

June 23, 2021

From the Archive: Woman Playing Frame Drum

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From the Archive: Woman Playing Frame Drum
Figurine of woman playing drum

Woman Playing Frame Drum, Iron Age II, ninth–eighth century BCE. Collection of The National Maritime Museum, Haifa. © Zev Radovan/BibleLandPictures.com. From The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, Volume 1, Ancient Israel, from Its Beginnings through 332 BCE.

jrichlerThu, 09/01/2022 - 08:00
Figurine of woman playing drum

Woman Playing Frame Drum, Iron Age II, ninth–eighth century BCE. Collection of The National Maritime Museum, Haifa. © Zev Radovan/BibleLandPictures.com. From The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, Volume 1, Ancient Israel, from Its Beginnings through 332 BCE.

Deborah Dash Moore
 Deborah Dash Moore
Mimi Jessica Brown Wooten Headshot
 Mimi Jessica Brown Wooten

What We Found

Take a look at this approximately four-inch terracotta figurine with a reconstructed base of a woman playing a hand-drum. We might think that, historically, drummers tended to be men. Why might an ancient figurine portray a woman drummer?

This figurine evokes the line in the Torah that describes Miriam celebrating the successful crossing of the Red Sea by playing a drum. The moment after the water consumes Pharaoh’s army, the Israelites march onto dry ground. Exodus 15:20 explains, “Then Miriam the prophet, Aaron’s sister, picked up a hand-drum, and all the women went out after her in dance with hand-drums. And Miriam chanted for them: Sing to God, for God has triumphed gloriously; Horse and driver God has hurled into the sea.” Many Jewish feminists have sought to pay tribute to Miriam and her music-making. For example, Debbie Friedman’s iconic “Miriam’s Song” references Miriam and the women who followed and rejoiced with her “dancing with their timbrels.”

Technically, “timbrel” is a misnomer. This ancient terra-cotta shows a hand-drum or a hand-held version of a frame drum, which has a head that is wider than it is deep. Holding her drum, this lovely figurine invites us to explore the history of biblical women as musicians and drummers. The figurine, featured in The Posen Digital Library, was found in Shikmona, south of Haifa. Though its sculptor is unknown, we can date its creation to the Iron Age, between the ninth and eighth centuries BCE. The drumhead is recessed, indicating that the drum likely only had one head. The figure holds the drum in one hand. She places her other hand flat against the drum as if she has just struck its head. The woman’s eyes, nose, and mouth are carved into a soft expression. Her hair is shaped into thick, twisted, braid-like curls.

Terra-cotta figurines like this one were common in Phoenicia, ancient Israel’s neighbor on the Mediterranean coast, and at sites influenced by Phoenician culture. Archaeologists have discovered them across the Middle East. According to feminist biblical scholar Carol Lyons Meyers, figures of women predominate ceramic renderings of people from Palestine. Meyers suggests that Phoenician colonies established throughout the Mediterranean probably helped facilitate the spread of this style of terra-cotta figurines.

In the ancient world, women were the primary players of frame drums, one of the chief percussive instruments from 3,000 BCE to 500 CE throughout the Middle East and the Mediterranean. Diverse material cultures throughout history often depict women as drummers. Hand-drums, and women as their primary players, followed a similar trajectory to that of the terra-cotta figurines suggested by Meyers. Hand-drums spread from the Middle East through the Mediterranean to what is now Greece around the sixth century BCE. From Greece, the hand-drum became popular in Rome and thus spread throughout the Roman Empire.

Why It Matters

Biblical references to women playing drums suggest that women drummers were common among the Israelites. In addition to the example of Miriam described above, there are other instances in the Torah where women played drums to celebrate military victories. When David returned from battle along with King Saul, for example, 1 Samuel 18:6 notes that “the women of all the towns of Israel came out singing and dancing to greet King Saul with timbrels, shouting, and sistrums.” In the following verse, “The women sang as they danced, and they chanted: Saul has slain his thousands; David, his tens of thousands!”

Meyers argues that the existence of these biblical references and artifacts such as this figurine demonstrate “the existence of a women’s performance genre of drum-dance-song.” She notes that a society’s gender norms shape women’s expressive forms.

The pattern of battle, victory, and celebration (and the creation of an artifact to commemorate this genre of celebration) also demonstrate that women occupied a crucial role in the processes of war, as well as in the worship of God, the source of victory. This type of performance following battle indicates a level of preparedness and expertise among the women who participated. While we don’t know much more about these women, the drum-dance-song genre of music-making was undoubtedly an important part of the lives of some Israelite women and gives us clues about how and with whom some women spent their time.

In light of this history of a women’s performance genre of drum-song-dance, this figurine of a woman playing a hand drum is not at all surprising. In fact, women percussionists, and figurines portraying them, would have been a frequent sight in the ancient world.

Learn More

Check out this previous From the Archivecolumn about another Iron Age figurine, which explores the tensions surrounding figurines and idolatry, the ambiguity of their purpose, and their connection to fertility and reproductive health.

 

 

 

This post is part of JWA’s From the Archive column. It was written in partnership with The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization.

Topics: Sculpture, Music, Bible
1 Comment

Hello! Thank you for writing this! For more information about women as the primary percussionists throughout the ancient Mediterranean world, in positions of spiritual leadership, in celebration and ceremony, including the Phoenician influenced area of Ancient Palestine, please see my teacher’s book, “When the Drummers Were Women: a spiritual history of rhythm”. Layne Redmond unearthed all of this vital information. And I can tell that her work has influenced this article. And the sistrum that is mentioned, is a handheld stick with jingles, also used by these ancient women in their processions of ritual and reverie. Later, the jingles ended up on the frame drum, and thus the tambourine was born! Think: Miriam‘s tambourine, the reference to the well of Miriam‘s deep spiritual leadership for her community as they crossed the desert.

From the Archive: Penny Yassour, "Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory"

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From the Archive: Penny Yassour, "Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory"
Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory by Penny Hes Yassour

Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory (1997) by Penny Hes Yassour (b. 1950). Courtesy of the artist, housed at the Posen Library.

ebreitmanThu, 10/13/2022 - 08:00
Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory by Penny Hes Yassour

Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory (1997) by Penny Hes Yassour (b. 1950). Courtesy of the artist, housed at the Posen Library.

Deborah Dash Moore
 Deborah Dash Moore
Mimi Jessica Brown Wooten Headshot
 Mimi Jessica Brown Wooten

What We Found

Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory (1997) by Penny Hes Yassour is a puzzling piece of art included as part of the Posen Library’s contemporary anthology of Jewish culture and civilization. It depicts mirrored images of a 1938 German railway map in rubber, pigment, and neon lights. The left panel contains two lines of text that read “North is West” and “[I am imprinting it down, because of not being able not to.]” and the right panel reads “East is South” and “Railway map, Germany 1938.” The mirrored maps gaze at one another. The neon lights illuminating the map's surface generate a slightly ominous, gradient effect that glows. 

Yassour lives and works at Kibbutz En-Harod Ihud and teaches at the Bezalel Art Academy in Jerusalem in the Architecture and Interdisciplinary departments. A multidisciplinary artist, Yassour explores the boundaries between remembering and forgetting. Born in 1950, five years after the conclusion of World War II and the Holocaust, this work of Yassour’s recalls a mental map she was far too young to remember. Still, the anxiety generated by this remembrance endures and even continues to grow. Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory exposes those memories that inhabit our minds but are not necessarily our own. As the artwork’s title describes, these memories are generated and recalled involuntarily.

Why It Matters

Some might call what Yassour portrays in Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory“epigenetic memory,” the idea that genetic changes stemming from life events—particularly trauma—can be passed on to one’s children, or that our genes have memory. In the early 2000s, scientists began reporting that various environmental factors can influence chemical tags on our DNA, known as “methylation,” that turn genes “on and off.” In 2014, the idea of epigenetic memory captivated many in the Jewish community when Rachel Yehuda and her research team published the results of their study looking at the genes of 32 Holocaust survivors, all of whom were interned in Nazi concentration camps, forced into hiding during World War II, or experienced or witnessed torture. The study found that the children of some Holocaust survivors who experienced Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) had higher methylation of a stress response gene.

Scholar and geneticist Eva Jablonska acknowledges that, while the popularization of this research may lead to its exaggeration or misinterpretation, it has also opened exciting new opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration. While Yehuda and others’ research on epigenetic memory, in plants or mice, for example, is still preliminary and the source of some skepticism, it begins to offer a scientific explanation for what many, including Yassour, have long known to be true about themselves and their families.

The literary and feminist scholar Marianne Hirsch’s concept of “postmemory” is another way we might understand Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory. Hirsch explains that “‘Postmemory’ describes the relationship that the ‘generation after’ bears to the personal, collective, and cultural trauma of those who came before.” The “second generation” as it is called, “remembers” experiences through stories they heard as children, or behaviors they observed among family members, or even images that they saw. But these resonated so profoundly that they seem to be actual, personal “memories.” Postmemory explains the memories held by the descendants of survivors in terms of the circumstances and experiences of one’s upbringing and family history. 

For Hirsch, however, postmemory is less about remembering and more about “imaginative investment, projection, and creation.” In this way, Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory is an apt example of postmemory; it is not the act of remembering a memory, but a projection and artistic creation of memory. 

Yassour explains that the doubled and reversed image in Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory“hints to the menacing image of the Third Reich Symbol,” a swastika, and “the double labyrinth imprinted on the screens is an exit-less spatial structure, spreading like an aimless cancerous growth. It was created from anxiety and re-produced it.” Yassour’s father fled Germany in 1933, and while it’s impossible to determine if and how much of the “anxiety” captured in Mental Maps results from gene methylation or a lifetime of stories and family history and culture, Mental Maps presents an opportunity to examine inherited and generational memories and traumas together with their ongoing influence in our lives. 

From a historical perspective, Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory demonstrates how the recollection of Nazi Germany and the Holocaust continued to influence Jewish artists throughout the twentieth century. On her website, Yassour writes that for the 1938 railway map of Germany in Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory, “there is no need to explain the importance of this document for the forthcoming events.” Yassour’s belief that it’s unnecessary to explain the significance of the 1938 railway map reveals what is considered common knowledge about the Holocaust—in this case, the role of trains and symbol of the train car used in the deportation, displacement, and deaths of Nazi Germany’s victims. This artwork simultaneously captures the trauma, anxiety, depression, and PTSD that survivors of the Holocaust and other forms of anti-Jewishviolence experienced in the past, along with the involuntary memories and (cultural or biological) inheritance of that trauma that their descendants experience today. Mental Maps—Involuntary Memory reminds us not only that we must never forget, but that it’s impossible for many not to remember. These memories continue to shape us and what we create. 

Learn More

To learn more about the science of and debates surrounding epigenetics, check out Eva Jablonska’s article. Much of Penny Hes Yassour’s artwork with her commentary is featured on her website. If you’re interested in other artists whose work explores the Holocaust, including some of Yassour’s contemporaries, check out JWA’s piece on five women artists spanning the twentieth century.

This post is part of JWA’s From the Archive column. It was written in partnership with The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization.

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Amalie Rothschild

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Amalie Rothschild
Amalie Rothschild

Painter and sculptor Amalie Rothschild (1916-2001).

Photo courtesy of Joan Roth.

mgrahamSat, 01/28/2023 - 07:18
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Jean Freedman
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Amalie talks about her family life and growing up in the suburbs of Baltimore. She describes the schools she attended and her decision to study art after high school. Amalie attended the Maryland Institute College of Art, where she studied fashion illustration, then did post-graduate work in New York. She eventually returned to Baltimore, where she worked at a department store, met her husband, and got married. Amalie discusses her Jewish identity, synagogue affiliation, rituals, and antisemitism. She recalls the early years of her marriage, studying fine arts, becoming a painter, and her art exhibitions, awards, and recognitions. Amalie had exhibitions in Tel Aviv, New York, and Baltimore. She explains her evolution as an artist, becoming more of an abstract artist and sculptor. Amalie raised her two daughters and continued to work as an artist from her home studio. She reflects on her work-life balance, motherhood, and how things have changed for women. 

A well-known painter and sculptor, Amalie Rothschild discovered her penchant for drawing while still a young child. Born in 1916 to a German-Jewish family in Baltimore, Amalie graduated high school during the Depression and went on to study fashion illustration at art school because it seemed practical. After graduating from the Maryland Institute College of Art, she worked as a fashion illustrator for several firms in Baltimore. Amalie married Randolph Rothschild in 1936 and began to explore fine art, which became her lifelong passion. She began as a painter, and although she became comfortable in a variety of media, Amalie gradually shifted her focus to sculpting. While working on her own pieces, she taught fine arts at Goucher College and other institutions in Baltimore and promoted the arts throughout the community. Her home studio allowed her to pursue her career and care for her two daughters, Amalie and Adrien, when they were small. An active, much recognized, and beloved member of the Baltimore arts community, Amalie Rothschild died on November 4, 2001. 

Pamela Goldman

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Pamela GoldmanmgrahamMon, 05/29/2023 - 19:13
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Jayne Guberman
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Pamela grew up in a Reform Jewish family in Maplewood, New Jersey. Her family placed a strong emphasis on education and working hard to attend a good college. Pamela's father and grandfather were in the leather outerwear business, and her mother was a Vassar graduate with high expectations for her. Pamela discusses her early awareness of her Jewishness, growing up in a Jewish neighborhood, and attending a private school where she faced some teasing for being Jewish. She reflects on her spiritual journey and how she explored her Jewish identity through Torah study and the pursuit of acts of kindness. Pamela also talks about her experiences as a Jewish woman, the role of women in Judaism, and her artistic endeavors as a sculptor and artist. She mentions her involvement with the Wall of Tolerance, a project of the Southern Poverty Law Center, and her desire to see her artwork displayed in museums. Pamela concludes by expressing her hopes for personal growth and the pride she wishes to earn from her parents.

Pamela Goldman, born on July 30, 1965, is a Jewish artist and sculptor known for her unique creations and exploration of personal identity. Growing up in Maplewood, New Jersey, Pamela was the only daughter in a family of two brothers. Her parents, of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, placed a strong emphasis on education and hard work. Pamela's father was a businessman, continuing the family legacy of leather outerwear manufacturing that his grandfather had started during World War II. Raised in a Reform Jewish household, Pamela's family led a primarily secular lifestyle, with little emphasis on religious observance or dietary restrictions. However, as she grew older and attended college at Barnard, Pamela embarked on a journey of self-discovery and a search for her Jewish identity. She began to question the meaning of being Jewish and delved into studying Torah and the concept of leading a life of mitzvahs, acts of kindness. As a Jewish feminist, Pamela is passionate about promoting equality and challenging societal expectations. In recognition of her commitment to tolerance and acceptance, Pamela was approached to be part of the Rosa Parks Wall of Tolerance project, organized by the Southern Poverty Law Center. This initiative aims to honor individuals who embody the ideals of tolerance and fight against prejudice. Pamela's involvement in this project represents her dedication to promoting understanding and respect among all people, regardless of religion, race, or background. 





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